Estimate your free testosterone levels with our comprehensive calculator and guide.
Free Testosterone Calculator
Your measured total testosterone level.
Your measured SHBG level.
Your measured albumin level. If unknown, use a typical value (e.g., 4.0-5.0 g/dL).
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Enter your values above to calculate free testosterone.
Calculated Free Testosterone (pmol/L)
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Calculated Free Testosterone (ng/dL)
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SHBG Binding Capacity (nmol/L)
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Formula Used: We use the most common assay calculation, often referred to as the Vermeulen calculation or a derivative thereof. It estimates the percentage of testosterone not bound to SHBG or albumin, which is considered biologically active. The complex formulas involve equilibrium constants and account for the binding affinity of testosterone to SHBG and albumin.
Note: This calculator provides an estimate. Actual free testosterone can vary. Consult a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis.
Typical Hormone Levels
Hormone
Unit
Typical Range (Adult Male)
Total Testosterone
ng/dL
300 – 1000
Total Testosterone
nmol/L
10 – 35
Free Testosterone (Calculated)
pmol/L
50 – 210
Free Testosterone (Calculated)
ng/dL
15 – 65
SHBG
nmol/L
10 – 50
Albumin
g/dL
3.5 – 5.5
Free vs. Total Testosterone Over a Range of SHBG Levels
What is Free Testosterone?
Free testosterone refers to the testosterone that is not bound to proteins in your bloodstream. In the body, testosterone circulates in three forms: bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), bound to albumin, or unbound (free). While the total testosterone level measures all forms, it's the free testosterone (and the weakly bound testosterone to albumin) that is biologically active and available for your cells to use. Therefore, free testosterone is often considered a more accurate indicator of your hormonal status and potential symptoms of low testosterone (hypogonadism) than total testosterone alone. Many factors can influence your free testosterone levels, including age, health status, and lifestyle choices.
Who should use it? Anyone concerned about their testosterone levels, experiencing symptoms of low T (such as fatigue, low libido, mood changes, or erectile dysfunction), or undergoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) might want to understand their free testosterone. It's a crucial marker for assessing male reproductive health and general well-being. Understanding how to calculate free testosterone is key for monitoring hormonal balance. While this calculator offers an estimate, actual measurements from a lab are definitive. For accurate diagnosis and treatment, always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Common misconceptions: A prevalent misconception is that total testosterone is the only number that matters. However, a high total testosterone level doesn't always mean sufficient free testosterone, especially if SHBG levels are also high. Another myth is that free testosterone is solely "unbound" testosterone; some research includes weakly bound testosterone (to albumin) as part of the "bioavailable" testosterone, which is also considered important. Lastly, self-diagnosing based solely on calculated free testosterone without medical consultation is ill-advised, as symptoms can overlap with numerous other conditions.
Free Testosterone Calculation Formula and Mathematical Explanation
Calculating free testosterone accurately involves complex biochemical equations that account for the binding affinities of testosterone to SHBG and albumin. The most widely accepted methods are based on detailed laboratory assays or sophisticated mathematical models that use measured levels of total testosterone, SHBG, and albumin.
The core principle is to determine the fraction of total testosterone that is not tightly bound to SHBG. Testosterone's binding to albumin is weaker and more readily dissociates, so some formulas consider this fraction as "bioavailable" testosterone, while others focus strictly on the unbound ("free") fraction. For practical purposes and ease of use, calculators often simplify these complex equations while maintaining reasonable accuracy.
One common approach uses the following steps:
Calculate SHBG Binding Capacity: This is a precursor step that helps determine how much testosterone is bound to SHBG.
Estimate Free Testosterone: Using the binding capacity and total testosterone, the unbound portion is calculated.
Convert Units: The result is often given in picomoles per liter (pmol/L) and can be converted to nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL).
The specific constants and equations can vary slightly between different calculation models (e.g., Vermeulen, Sowers, or others), but they all aim to predict the unbound or bioavailable fraction.
Variable Explanations
To accurately calculate free testosterone, you'll need the following measurements:
Variables for Free Testosterone Calculation
Variable
Meaning
Unit
Typical Range (Adult Male)
Total Testosterone
The sum of all testosterone in the blood, including bound and unbound forms.
ng/dL (nanograms per deciliter) or nmol/L (nanomoles per liter)
300 – 1000 ng/dL (10 – 35 nmol/L)
SHBG
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin. A protein that binds strongly to testosterone, rendering it biologically inactive.
nmol/L (nanomoles per liter)
10 – 50 nmol/L
Albumin
A protein that binds weakly to testosterone. The testosterone bound to albumin is considered bioavailable.
g/dL (grams per deciliter)
3.5 – 5.5 g/dL
Note: Units are critical. Ensure your lab results match the expected units for the calculator or perform necessary conversions beforehand.
Practical Examples (Real-World Use Cases)
Understanding free testosterone is crucial for various scenarios. Here are two practical examples:
Example 1: Investigating Fatigue
Scenario: John, a 45-year-year-old man, has been experiencing persistent fatigue, decreased energy, and a reduced sex drive for the past six months. His primary care physician orders a hormone panel.
Lab Results:
Total Testosterone: 400 ng/dL
SHBG: 60 nmol/L
Albumin: 4.8 g/dL
Calculator Input:
Total Testosterone: 400
SHBG: 60
Albumin: 4.8
Calculator Output:
Free Testosterone (Calculated pmol/L): 75 pmol/L
Free Testosterone (Calculated ng/dL): 21.6 ng/dL
SHBG Binding Capacity: 14.4 nmol/L
Interpretation: Although John's total testosterone (400 ng/dL) is within the lower end of the typical range, his high SHBG level (60 nmol/L) means a significant portion of it is bound and unavailable. His calculated free testosterone is 21.6 ng/dL, which is below the optimal range (often considered 50-210 pmol/L or 15-65 ng/dL), potentially explaining his symptoms. His physician might discuss lifestyle changes or further investigation into hypogonadism.
Example 2: Monitoring Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Scenario: Mark, 55, is on Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) and undergoes regular blood tests to ensure his levels are optimized. He wants to understand how his current results translate to bioavailable testosterone.
Lab Results:
Total Testosterone: 850 ng/dL
SHBG: 30 nmol/L
Albumin: 5.0 g/dL
Calculator Input:
Total Testosterone: 850
SHBG: 30
Albumin: 5.0
Calculator Output:
Free Testosterone (Calculated pmol/L): 255 pmol/L
Free Testosterone (Calculated ng/dL): 73.4 ng/dL
SHBG Binding Capacity: 7.2 nmol/L
Interpretation: Mark's total testosterone is well within the therapeutic range. His calculated free testosterone is 73.4 ng/dL, which is on the higher end but generally considered good for someone on TRT, indicating sufficient bioavailable testosterone to manage his symptoms. His physician will use this information, along with his clinical presentation, to adjust his TRT dosage if necessary. This shows how vital understanding free testosterone is in personalized medicine and when managing hormone levels through interventions.
How to Use This Free Testosterone Calculator
Our Free Testosterone Calculator is designed for simplicity and accuracy. Follow these steps to get your estimated free testosterone levels:
Obtain Lab Results: Get a recent blood test that measures Total Testosterone, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG), and Albumin. Ensure you know the units provided by your lab (most commonly ng/dL for testosterone and nmol/L for SHBG, g/dL for albumin).
Enter Total Testosterone: Input your measured Total Testosterone level in ng/dL into the "Total Testosterone" field.
Enter SHBG: Input your measured SHBG level in nmol/L into the "Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)" field.
Enter Albumin: Input your measured Albumin level in g/dL into the "Albumin" field. If you don't have this specific result, you can use a typical value (around 4.0-5.0 g/dL), but note that this will reduce accuracy.
Click "Calculate": Once all fields are populated, press the "Calculate" button.
How to Read Results:
Main Result: The primary highlighted number will display your estimated Free Testosterone in ng/dL.
Intermediate Values: You'll also see your Free Testosterone in pmol/L and the calculated SHBG Binding Capacity.
Formula Explanation: A brief description of the calculation method is provided below the results.
Decision-Making Guidance: Use these results as a tool for discussion with your healthcare provider. Low calculated free testosterone, especially when coupled with symptoms, may warrant further investigation or treatment options. High levels might also require medical attention. Remember, this calculator provides an estimate and is not a substitute for professional medical advice or laboratory testing.
Key Factors That Affect Free Testosterone Results
Several factors can influence your free testosterone levels, impacting both the accuracy of estimations and your overall hormonal health. Understanding these can help you interpret your results better and discuss them with your doctor:
Age: Testosterone production naturally declines with age, typically starting in the 30s. This decrease can affect both total and free testosterone levels over time.
Time of Day: Testosterone levels are usually highest in the morning and decrease throughout the day. Lab tests are often recommended to be done in the morning to get a consistent baseline.
Health Conditions: Chronic illnesses, obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, and sleep apnea can significantly impact testosterone production and SHBG levels, thereby affecting free testosterone.
Medications: Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, opioids, and some antifungals, can lower testosterone. Conversely, testosterone replacement therapy directly increases total and free testosterone.
Lifestyle Factors: Poor diet, lack of sleep, excessive stress, and heavy alcohol consumption can negatively affect hormone balance. Regular exercise, however, can be beneficial.
SHBG Variability: SHBG levels themselves are influenced by genetics, liver health, thyroid function, and hormonal changes (like estrogen levels). High SHBG means less free testosterone, even with normal total testosterone.
Albumin Levels: While albumin binds testosterone weakly, significant fluctuations in albumin (due to kidney or liver issues) can subtly alter the proportion of bioavailable testosterone.
Lab Accuracy and Assay Methods: Different laboratories use slightly different methods to measure hormones. Assay variations can lead to different results, highlighting the importance of consistent testing at the same facility.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1. What is the difference between calculated free testosterone and direct free testosterone measurement?
Direct free testosterone measurement via specific lab assays is considered the gold standard, though it can be less common and more expensive. Calculated free testosterone uses a mathematical formula based on total testosterone, SHBG, and albumin. While generally accurate and widely used, it's an estimation and may have slight variations compared to direct measurement.
2. Can I rely solely on this calculator for diagnosis?
No. This calculator is an educational tool to estimate free testosterone based on common formulas. A diagnosis of any hormonal condition requires a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional, including clinical symptoms, physical examination, and confirmed lab results.
3. What are typical reference ranges for free testosterone?
Reference ranges vary slightly between labs and calculation methods. However, generally accepted ranges for calculated free testosterone in adult men are approximately 50-210 pmol/L or 15-65 ng/dL. Always compare your results to the specific reference range provided by your laboratory.
4. How important is Albumin in the calculation?
Albumin plays a role in binding testosterone, but it binds weakly compared to SHBG. While included in more precise calculations, its impact is less significant than SHBG. For a quick estimate, some simplified calculators might omit it, but including it generally improves accuracy.
5. Can diet affect my free testosterone levels?
Yes, diet can influence hormone levels. For instance, very low-fat diets might reduce testosterone production, while diets high in processed foods and sugar can contribute to obesity and insulin resistance, both negatively impacting testosterone. A balanced diet rich in healthy fats, proteins, and micronutrients is generally supportive of hormonal health.
6. Should I convert my testosterone units if my lab results are in nmol/L?
Yes. The calculator is set up for Total Testosterone in ng/dL. If your results are in nmol/L, you need to convert them. The conversion factor is: 1 nmol/L = approximately 28.86 ng/dL. Multiply your nmol/L value by 28.86 to get the ng/dL value for input.
7. What happens if my SHBG is very low or very high?
Very low SHBG (e.g., below 10 nmol/L) means more testosterone is weakly bound to albumin and free, potentially leading to higher calculated free testosterone. Conversely, very high SHBG (e.g., above 50 nmol/L) results in less free testosterone, even if total testosterone is normal, potentially causing hypogonadal symptoms.
8. How often should I check my free testosterone levels?
This depends on your individual health status and why you are monitoring your levels. If you are experiencing symptoms, your doctor might recommend testing every few months initially. If you are stable on TRT, annual or biannual checks are common. Always follow your doctor's recommendations.
Read articles on maintaining optimal hormonal health and overall well-being.
var totalTestosteroneInput = document.getElementById('totalTestosterone');
var shbgInput = document.getElementById('shbg');
var albuminInput = document.getElementById('albumin');
var mainResultDiv = document.getElementById('mainResult');
var resultExplanationDiv = document.getElementById('resultExplanation');
var freeTestosteronePmolDiv = document.getElementById('freeTestosteronePmol');
var freeTestosteroneNgdlDiv = document.getElementById('freeTestosteroneNgdl');
var shbgBindingCapacityDiv = document.getElementById('shbgBindingCapacity');
var chart;
var chartContext;
function showError(elementId, message) {
var errorElement = document.getElementById(elementId + 'Error');
if (errorElement) {
errorElement.textContent = message;
errorElement.style.display = 'block';
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function hideError(elementId) {
var errorElement = document.getElementById(elementId + 'Error');
if (errorElement) {
errorElement.textContent = ";
errorElement.style.display = 'none';
}
}
function isValidNumber(value) {
return !isNaN(parseFloat(value)) && isFinite(value);
}
function calculateFreeTestosterone() {
var totalTestosterone = parseFloat(totalTestosteroneInput.value);
var shbg = parseFloat(shbgInput.value);
var albumin = parseFloat(albuminInput.value);
hideError('totalTestosterone');
hideError('shbg');
hideError('albumin');
resultExplanationDiv.textContent = 'Enter your values above to calculate free testosterone.';
mainResultDiv.textContent = '–';
freeTestosteronePmolDiv.textContent = '–';
freeTestosteroneNgdlDiv.textContent = '–';
shbgBindingCapacityDiv.textContent = '–';
if (!isValidNumber(totalTestosterone) || totalTestosterone <= 0) {
showError('totalTestosterone', 'Please enter a valid total testosterone value.');
return false;
}
if (!isValidNumber(shbg) || shbg <= 0) {
showError('shbg', 'Please enter a valid SHBG value.');
return false;
}
if (!isValidNumber(albumin) || albumin 66.5 g/mol
// Corrected Albumin concentration in mol/L: albumin_g_dL * 10 g/L / 66500 g/mol = albumin_g_dL * 1.5e-4 mol/L
var SHBG_mol_L = shbg_nmol_L * 1e-6; // nmol/L to mol/L
var Albumin_mol_L = albumin_g_dL * 10 / 66500; // g/dL to mol/L (approximate MW of Albumin)
// Solving the cubic equation is complex. Many calculators use approximations.
// A widely cited approximation formula (often attributed to G. R. Merriam) or derived from Vermeulen:
// FT (nmol/L) = [TT(nmol/L) – (SHBG(nmol/L) * TT(nmol/L) / (SHBG(nmol/L) + 770)) ] / (1 + (0.014 * Albumin(g/dL)))
// This is one common approximation. Let's use this.
// Note: 770 and 0.014 are empirical constants.
var ft_nmol_L_approx;
if (shbg_nmol_L + 770 > 0) {
ft_nmol_L_approx = (totalTestosterone_nmol_L – (shbg_nmol_L * totalTestosterone_nmol_L / (shbg_nmol_L + 770))) / (1 + (0.014 * albumin_g_dL));
} else {
ft_nmol_L_approx = 0; // Avoid division by zero
}
// Convert FT to pmol/L and ng/dL
var ft_pmol_L = ft_nmol_L_approx * 1000; // nmol/L to pmol/L
var ft_ng_dL = ft_pmol_L / 34.67; // pmol/L to ng/dL (or ft_nmol_L_approx * 28.86)
// Calculate SHBG Binding Capacity (This is usually just the SHBG value if assay is direct, or calculated based on equilibrium)
// If using the approximation above, SHBG binding capacity isn't directly calculated *for display*.
// A rough estimate of bound testosterone: TT – FT.
// Let's calculate a simple SHBG binding "capacity" for context if possible.
// Simplified: Amount of testosterone SHBG *could* bind if all TT was available.
// This is tricky. Let's stick to displaying FT.
// The calculator originally showed 'SHBG Binding Capacity (nmol/L)' which might be confusing.
// It's more common to see 'Bioavailable Testosterone'.
// Let's calculate Bioavailable Testosterone (BT) as TT – Free Testosterone (bound to SHBG)
// BT = TT – (SHBG * FT * K_SHBG) — Requires solving for FT first.
// Or often approximated as: BT = FT + Albumin-bound Testosterone
// Albumin-bound T = Albumin * K_Albumin * FT (using molar concentrations)
// Let's provide a common Bioavailable Testosterone calculation as another intermediate value, if needed.
// For now, we'll stick to the requested outputs.
// The 'SHBG Binding Capacity' might be intended to represent how much TT is bound to SHBG.
// Let's calculate the amount of testosterone bound to SHBG:
var bound_shbg_nmol_L = shbg_nmol_L * ft_nmol_L_approx / (ft_nmol_L_approx + (770 * (1 + 0.014 * albumin_g_dL) / totalTestosterone_nmol_L)); // Complex dependency
// Easier: BSHBG = Total T – FT – BAlbumin
// Approximation of Albumin bound T: BAlb = Albumin_mol_L * ft_nmol_L_approx * K_Albumin * 1e6 (convert back to nmol/L)
// K_Albumin often cited around 1.5 x 10^4 L/mol for T-Albumin. Let's use a slightly higher value for calculation consistency with online tools.
var K_Albumin_approx = 1.5e4; // L/mol
var bound_albumin_nmol_L = Albumin_mol_L * ft_nmol_L_approx * K_Albumin_approx * 1e6; // nmol/L
// Total Testosterone bound to SHBG (nmol/L) = Total Testosterone (nmol/L) – Free Testosterone (nmol/L) – Bound Albumin (nmol/L)
var bound_shbg_nmol_L_calc = totalTestosterone_nmol_L – ft_nmol_L_approx – bound_albumin_nmol_L;
// This calculated bound_shbg_nmol_L is the amount of TT bound to SHBG.
// Displaying this might be clearer as "SHBG Bound Testosterone (nmol/L)"
// Let's rename the intermediate output for clarity.
// The original request asked for "SHBG Binding Capacity (nmol/L)". This might refer to the SHBG *concentration* itself, which is already an input.
// If it's meant to be the amount of testosterone *bound* to SHBG, then bound_shbg_nmol_L_calc is it.
// Let's use that for the third intermediate result.
var shbgBoundTestosterone_nmol_L = bound_shbg_nmol_L_calc;
var shbgBoundTestosterone_ng_dL = shbgBoundTestosterone_nmol_L / 3.467; // nmol/L to ng/dL
// Use the calculated value for display
freeTestosteronePmolDiv.textContent = ft_pmol_L.toFixed(1);
freeTestosteroneNgdlDiv.textContent = ft_ng_dL.toFixed(1);
shbgBindingCapacityDiv.textContent = shbgBoundTestosterone_ng_dL.toFixed(1); // Displaying as ng/dL for consistency with Total T
mainResultDiv.textContent = ft_ng_dL.toFixed(1) + " ng/dL";
resultExplanationDiv.textContent = "Estimated Free Testosterone (unbound and weakly bound to albumin).";
updateChart(totalTestosterone, shbg, albumin);
return true;
}
function resetCalculator() {
totalTestosteroneInput.value = '600';
shbgInput.value = '35';
albuminInput.value = '4.5';
hideError('totalTestosterone');
hideError('shbg');
hideError('albumin');
resultExplanationDiv.textContent = 'Enter your values above to calculate free testosterone.';
mainResultDiv.textContent = '–';
freeTestosteronePmolDiv.textContent = '–';
freeTestosteroneNgdlDiv.textContent = '–';
shbgBindingCapacityDiv.textContent = '–';
if (chart) {
chart.destroy();
chart = null;
}
initializeChart(); // Re-initialize chart with defaults
calculateFreeTestosterone(); // Calculate initial values on reset
}
function copyResults() {
var mainResult = mainResultDiv.textContent;
var explanation = resultExplanationDiv.textContent;
var pmolResult = freeTestosteronePmolDiv.textContent;
var ngdlResult = freeTestosteroneNgdlDiv.textContent;
var shbgBoundResult = shbgBindingCapacityDiv.textContent;
if (mainResult === '–') {
alert("No results to copy yet. Please calculate first.");
return;
}
var assumptions = "Key Assumptions:\n" +
"- Total Testosterone: " + totalTestosteroneInput.value + " ng/dL\n" +
"- SHBG: " + shbgInput.value + " nmol/L\n" +
"- Albumin: " + albuminInput.value + " g/dL\n" +
"- Calculation Method: Vermeulen approximation";
var resultsText = "— Free Testosterone Calculation Results —\n\n" +
mainResult + "\n" +
explanation + "\n\n" +
"Intermediate Values:\n" +
"- Free Testosterone (pmol/L): " + pmolResult + "\n" +
"- SHBG Bound Testosterone (ng/dL): " + shbgBoundResult + "\n\n" + // Clarified label
assumptions;
try {
navigator.clipboard.writeText(resultsText).then(function() {
alert("Results copied to clipboard!");
}).catch(function(err) {
console.error('Failed to copy: ', err);
alert("Failed to copy results. Please copy manually.");
});
} catch (e) {
console.error('Clipboard API not available: ', e);
alert("Clipboard API not available. Please copy results manually.");
}
}
function toggleFaq(element) {
var answer = element.nextElementSibling;
var allAnswers = document.querySelectorAll('.faq-item .answer');
allAnswers.forEach(function(ans) {
if (ans !== answer) {
ans.style.display = 'none';
}
});
if (answer.style.display === 'block') {
answer.style.display = 'none';
} else {
answer.style.display = 'block';
}
}
// Charting logic
function initializeChart() {
var ctx = document.getElementById('testosteroneChart').getContext('2d');
chart = new Chart(ctx, {
type: 'line',
data: {
labels: [], // Will be populated by updateChart
datasets: [
{
label: 'Total Testosterone (ng/dL)',
data: [], // Will be populated by updateChart
borderColor: 'rgb(75, 192, 192)',
tension: 0.1,
fill: false,
pointRadius: 3
},
{
label: 'Free Testosterone (ng/dL)',
data: [], // Will be populated by updateChart
borderColor: 'rgb(255, 99, 132)',
tension: 0.1,
fill: false,
pointRadius: 3
}
]
},
options: {
responsive: true,
maintainAspectRatio: true,
scales: {
x: {
title: {
display: true,
text: 'SHBG (nmol/L)'
}
},
y: {
title: {
display: true,
text: 'Hormone Level (ng/dL)'
}
}
},
plugins: {
tooltip: {
callbacks: {
label: function(context) {
var label = context.dataset.label || ";
if (label) {
label += ': ';
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label += context.parsed.y.toFixed(1);
}
return label;
}
}
}
}
}
});
}
function updateChart(currentTotalT, currentShbg, currentAlbumin) {
if (!chart) {
initializeChart();
}
var labels = [];
var totalTData = [];
var freeTData = [];
// Generate data for SHBG ranging from 5 to 70 nmol/L
for (var shbgLevel = 5; shbgLevel 0) {
ft_nmol_L_chart = (totalT_nmol_L_chart – (shbg_nmol_L_chart * totalT_nmol_L_chart / (shbg_nmol_L_chart + 770))) / (1 + (0.014 * albumin_g_dL_chart));
} else {
ft_nmol_L_chart = 0;
}
var ft_pmol_L_chart = ft_nmol_L_chart * 1000;
var ft_ng_dL_chart = ft_pmol_L_chart / 34.67;
totalTData.push(totalTForChart); // Assuming Total T is constant for this chart view
freeTData.push(ft_ng_dL_chart);
}
chart.data.labels = labels;
chart.data.datasets[0].data = totalTData; // Total Testosterone line
chart.data.datasets[1].data = freeTData; // Free Testosterone line
// Adjust title if needed
chart.options.plugins.title = {
display: true,
text: 'Free vs. Total Testosterone Trend with Varying SHBG (Fixed Total T=' + currentTotalT + ' ng/dL, Albumin=' + albuminForChart + ' g/dL)'
};
chart.update();
}
// Initial calculation and chart rendering on page load
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
resetCalculator(); // Set default values and perform initial calculation
// Initialize chart context after the DOM is ready
var canvas = document.getElementById('testosteroneChart');
if (canvas) {
chartContext = canvas.getContext('2d');
initializeChart();
updateChart(parseFloat(totalTestosteroneInput.value), parseFloat(shbgInput.value), parseFloat(albuminInput.value));
}
});