Understand how volumetric weight impacts your shipping charges and use our free calculator to get precise estimates.
Dimension Weight Calculator
Enter the longest dimension of your package.
Enter the second longest dimension.
Enter the shortest dimension.
Centimeters (cm)
Inches (in)
Select the unit of measurement for length, width, and height.
The shipping carrier's volumetric divisor (e.g., 5000 for cm, 139 for inches).
Your Shipping Weight Estimate
— kg / lb
Actual Volume—
Volumetric Weight—
Chargeable Weight—
Key Assumptions
Unit of Measure—
Divisor Used—
Formula Used: Volumetric Weight = (Length × Width × Height) / Divisor. Chargeable weight is the greater of the actual weight or the volumetric weight.
Volumetric Weight
Actual Weight (Assumed)
Volumetric vs. Actual Weight Comparison
Common Volumetric Divisors
Unit System
Common Divisors
Notes
Metric (cm)
5000, 6000, 4000
Used by many carriers for standard shipments.
Imperial (in)
139, 166, 172, 184
Commonly used in North America and other regions.
Other
Varies
Always check with your specific shipping carrier for their exact divisor.
What is Dimension Weight?
{primary_keyword} is a billing method used by shipping carriers to determine the cost of shipping packages. Instead of solely relying on the actual physical weight of a package, carriers also consider its volume or "dimensional weight." This is because lighter, bulkier items can take up as much space on a transport vehicle as heavier, smaller items, leading to inefficient use of space and resources.
Essentially, {primary_keyword} ensures that carriers can charge for the space a package occupies, not just its mass. If a package is light but large, the shipping cost will be calculated based on its dimensional weight. If the package is heavy and small, the cost will be based on its actual weight. The carrier then charges for whichever weight is higher – the actual weight or the calculated dimensional weight. This practice is crucial for managing logistics efficiently and ensuring fair pricing across different types of shipments.
Who Should Use a {primary_keyword} Calculator?
A {primary_keyword} calculator is an indispensable tool for anyone involved in shipping goods. This includes:
E-commerce Businesses: To accurately estimate shipping costs for customers, set shipping prices, and optimize packaging to reduce expenses.
Logistics Managers: To understand the impact of packaging on transportation costs and identify opportunities for cost savings.
Small Businesses: To manage shipping budgets effectively and avoid unexpected charges from carriers.
Individuals Shipping Packages: To get a preliminary idea of shipping costs, especially for larger, lighter items.
Warehouse and Fulfillment Centers: To streamline shipping processes and ensure correct billing.
Common Misconceptions about {primary_keyword}
Several misconceptions exist regarding {primary_keyword}. One common myth is that it only applies to very large or unusually shaped items. In reality, most carriers apply dimensional weight calculations to a wide range of packages, especially standard shipping boxes. Another misconception is that dimensional weight is a fixed rate; however, it depends on the package dimensions and the carrier's specific divisor, which can vary significantly. Some also believe that actual weight is irrelevant, but carriers always use the higher of the two weights (actual vs. dimensional) for billing purposes.
{primary_keyword} Formula and Mathematical Explanation
The core of understanding {primary_keyword} lies in its formula. Shipping carriers use volumetric weight to represent the space a package occupies in relation to its actual weight. The calculation ensures that even lightweight items are billed appropriately if they are bulky.
The Basic Formula
The fundamental formula for calculating volumetric weight is:
Length, Width, Height: These are the three dimensions of the package, typically measured in centimeters (cm) or inches (in). Carriers usually require you to measure the longest dimension first, followed by the second longest, and then the shortest.
Divisor: This is a number set by the shipping carrier. It represents the conversion factor between the package's volume and its equivalent weight. Different carriers use different divisors, and they often vary based on the unit of measurement (metric or imperial).
Chargeable Weight
The weight used for billing is known as the "chargeable weight." This is determined by comparing the package's actual physical weight to its calculated volumetric weight. The carrier will always use the higher of the two for pricing.
Chargeable Weight = Maximum (Actual Weight, Volumetric Weight)
Variable Explanations and Units
To ensure accurate calculations, understanding each variable is crucial:
{primary_keyword} Calculation Variables
Variable
Meaning
Unit
Typical Range / Notes
Length (L)
The longest dimension of the package.
cm or in
Positive numerical value.
Width (W)
The second longest dimension of the package.
cm or in
Positive numerical value.
Height (H)
The shortest dimension of the package.
cm or in
Positive numerical value.
Unit of Measure
The system used for dimensions (metric or imperial).
–
Centimeters (cm) or Inches (in).
Divisor
Carrier-specific factor to convert volume to weight.
–
e.g., 5000 (cm), 139 (in). Varies by carrier and sometimes service.
Actual Weight
The physical weight of the package measured on a scale.
kg or lb
Positive numerical value.
Volume
The space occupied by the package (L × W × H).
cm³ or in³
Calculated based on dimensions and units.
Volumetric Weight
The weight calculated based on package dimensions and divisor.
kg or lb
Derived from the formula.
Chargeable Weight
The weight used by the carrier for billing purposes (higher of actual or volumetric).
kg or lb
Final weight for shipping cost calculation.
It's important to note that the divisor used by carriers can change, so always verify the most current figures with your specific shipping provider. Using the wrong divisor will lead to inaccurate {primary_keyword} calculations and potentially incorrect shipping charges.
Practical Examples (Real-World Use Cases)
Let's explore how {primary_keyword} affects shipping costs with practical examples:
Example 1: Lightweight, Bulky Item
Consider an e-commerce business shipping a large, lightweight decorative pillow.
Package Dimensions: 50 cm (Length) x 40 cm (Width) x 25 cm (Height)
Unit of Measure: Centimeters (cm)
Carrier Divisor: 5000
Actual Weight: 2 kg
Calculation:
Actual Volume = 50 cm × 40 cm × 25 cm = 50,000 cm³
Volumetric Weight = 50,000 cm³ / 5000 = 10 kg
Chargeable Weight = Maximum (Actual Weight, Volumetric Weight) = Maximum (2 kg, 10 kg) = 10 kg
Interpretation: Even though the pillow only weighs 2 kg, its large size results in a volumetric weight of 10 kg. The shipping carrier will charge based on this 10 kg figure, significantly increasing the shipping cost compared to charging based on the actual weight. This highlights the importance of optimizing packaging for bulky items.
Example 2: Heavy, Compact Item
Now, let's look at a scenario with a heavy, compact item, like a small electronics component.
Package Dimensions: 15 cm (Length) x 10 cm (Width) x 8 cm (Height)
Unit of Measure: Centimeters (cm)
Carrier Divisor: 5000
Actual Weight: 5 kg
Calculation:
Actual Volume = 15 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm = 1,200 cm³
Volumetric Weight = 1,200 cm³ / 5000 = 0.24 kg
Chargeable Weight = Maximum (Actual Weight, Volumetric Weight) = Maximum (5 kg, 0.24 kg) = 5 kg
Interpretation: In this case, the item's actual weight (5 kg) is much higher than its calculated volumetric weight (0.24 kg). The shipping carrier will use the actual weight for billing. This demonstrates that {primary_keyword} primarily impacts the pricing of lightweight, bulky shipments, while heavy, compact items are usually billed based on their actual weight.
How to Use This {primary_keyword} Calculator
Our user-friendly {primary_keyword} calculator is designed to provide quick and accurate shipping weight estimations. Follow these simple steps:
Enter Package Dimensions: Input the length, width, and height of your package in the respective fields. Ensure you measure accurately and consistently use the same unit of measurement for all three dimensions. For best results, measure the longest side as length, the second longest as width, and the shortest as height.
Select Unit of Measure: Choose whether your dimensions are in 'Centimeters (cm)' or 'Inches (in)' using the dropdown menu.
Enter Carrier Divisor: Input the specific divisor provided by your shipping carrier. Common values are pre-filled, but always confirm with your carrier for the most accurate calculation. For example, many carriers use 5000 for metric dimensions (cm) and 139 for imperial dimensions (inches).
Enter Actual Weight: Input the actual physical weight of the package as measured by a scale. Select the corresponding unit (kg or lb).
Click 'Calculate': Once all fields are populated, click the 'Calculate' button.
How to Read the Results
Primary Highlighted Result (Dimension Weight / Chargeable Weight): This is the most critical number. It displays the final weight that the shipping carrier will likely use to calculate your shipping costs. It's the greater of the actual weight or the calculated volumetric weight.
Actual Volume: Shows the total cubic space your package occupies (Length × Width × Height).
Volumetric Weight: Displays the calculated weight based on the package's dimensions and the carrier's divisor.
Key Assumptions: Confirms the unit of measure and divisor used in the calculation for clarity.
Decision-Making Guidance
Use the results to make informed decisions:
Compare Costs: If the chargeable weight is significantly higher than the actual weight, explore options to reduce package dimensions or use lighter packaging materials.
Optimize Packaging: For bulky, lightweight items, consider consolidating multiple items into a smaller box if possible, or using void fill that doesn't add significant volume.
Negotiate Rates: Understanding your shipping profile, including dimensional weight impacts, can help in negotiating better rates with carriers, especially if you ship large volumes.
Customer Pricing: If you pass shipping costs to customers, ensure your pricing accurately reflects the calculated chargeable weight to avoid absorbing unexpected losses.
Key Factors That Affect {primary_keyword} Results
Several factors influence the outcome of {primary_keyword} calculations and, consequently, your shipping costs. Understanding these elements is vital for effective logistics management:
Package Dimensions: This is the most direct factor. Larger dimensions (Length, Width, Height) lead to a higher actual volume and, therefore, a higher potential volumetric weight. Precise measurements are crucial.
Carrier's Divisor: Each shipping carrier sets its own divisor. A lower divisor results in a higher volumetric weight for the same dimensions, potentially increasing costs. Conversely, a higher divisor reduces the calculated volumetric weight. Always use the divisor specified by your chosen carrier. For instance, FedEx, UPS, and DHL may have different divisors.
Unit of Measurement: Whether you use centimeters or inches directly affects the volume calculation. Ensure consistency; mixing units will lead to erroneous results. The divisor value is typically tied to the unit system (e.g., 5000 for cm, 139 for inches).
Actual Weight: While {primary_keyword} considers volume, the actual weight remains a key factor. The final chargeable weight is always the higher of the actual or volumetric weight. For heavy items, the actual weight will likely determine the shipping cost.
Packaging Material: The choice of boxes and packing materials can influence both the final dimensions and the actual weight. Lightweight, sturdy materials can help minimize both, especially for bulky items. However, excessively flimsy packaging might not protect goods adequately.
Service Level: Some carriers might apply different divisors or weight calculation methods for different shipping services (e.g., express vs. standard ground). Expedited services sometimes have different rules.
Dimensional Weight Thresholds: Carriers may have specific thresholds (e.g., packages over a certain volume or length) where dimensional weight calculations are always applied, regardless of actual weight.
Economic Factors (Indirect): Inflation can affect carrier pricing structures over time, including their base rates and potentially their divisors. Fuel surcharges, which are common, are also influenced by broader economic conditions and impact the total shipping cost, even if not directly part of the {primary_keyword} calculation itself.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: What is the difference between actual weight and dimensional weight?
Actual weight is the physical weight of the package measured on a scale. Dimensional weight (or volumetric weight) is a calculated weight based on the package's dimensions and the shipping carrier's divisor, representing the space it occupies.
Q2: How do I find my shipping carrier's divisor?
You can typically find the divisor on the carrier's official website, in their shipping guides, or by contacting their customer service. Common divisors are often pre-filled in calculators, but it's best to verify.
Q3: Does {primary_keyword} apply to all shipping services?
Generally, yes, most carriers apply {primary_keyword} calculations to standard ground and express services. However, specific rules can vary, especially for freight or specialized services. Always check the carrier's terms.
Q4: Can I reduce my shipping costs by using smaller boxes?
Yes, for lightweight but bulky items, using smaller, appropriately sized boxes can significantly reduce your dimensional weight and, therefore, your shipping costs. Avoid excessively large boxes.
Q5: What if my package dimensions are irregular?
For irregular shapes, carriers typically require you to measure the longest point for length, the next longest for width, and the shortest for height. Some carriers may have specific guidelines for non-rectangular items; check their policies.
Q6: Should I round my dimensions or weight?
It's generally best practice to measure and enter dimensions and weights as precisely as possible. However, carriers often round up measurements or weights to the nearest whole unit (e.g., nearest pound or kilogram) for billing. Check your carrier's specific rounding policies.
Q7: Why do carriers use {primary_keyword} instead of just actual weight?
{primary_keyword} helps carriers optimize space utilization in their delivery vehicles and aircraft. It ensures fair pricing for all types of shipments, preventing light but bulky items from being undercharged relative to their space consumption.
Q8: Does the calculator account for actual weight?
Yes, the calculator determines both the volumetric weight and considers the actual weight you input. The final 'Chargeable Weight' displayed is the higher of the two, which is how carriers typically bill.
// Declare all variables using var
var lengthInput, widthInput, heightInput, unitSelect, divisorInput;
var lengthError, widthError, heightError, divisorError;
var dimensionWeightResult, actualVolumeSpan, volumetricWeightSpan, chargeableWeightSpan;
var resultUnitSpan, resultDivisorSpan;
var weightComparisonChart;
var chartContext;
var chartData = {
labels: ['Volumetric Weight', 'Actual Weight'],
datasets: [{
label: 'Weight (kg/lb)',
data: [0, 0],
backgroundColor: ['rgba(0, 74, 153, 0.7)', 'rgba(0, 123, 255, 0.7)'],
borderColor: ['rgba(0, 74, 153, 1)', 'rgba(0, 123, 255, 1)'],
borderWidth: 1
}]
};
// Function to validate input and return numeric value or null
function validateInput(element, errorElement, fieldName, allowEmpty = false) {
var value = element.value.trim();
var errorMsg = "";
var numValue = null;
if (value === "" && !allowEmpty) {
errorMsg = fieldName + " cannot be empty.";
} else if (value !== "") {
numValue = parseFloat(value);
if (isNaN(numValue)) {
errorMsg = "Please enter a valid number.";
} else if (numValue <= 0) {
errorMsg = fieldName + " must be a positive number.";
}
}
if (errorElement) {
errorElement.textContent = errorMsg;
}
return numValue;
}
// Function to update chart
function updateChart(volumetric, actual) {
if (chartContext) {
chartData.datasets[0].data = [volumetric, actual];
weightComparisonChart.update();
}
}
// Function to calculate dimension weight
function calculateDimensionWeight() {
// Get input elements
lengthInput = document.getElementById("length");
widthInput = document.getElementById("width");
heightInput = document.getElementById("height");
unitSelect = document.getElementById("unit");
divisorInput = document.getElementById("divisor");
var actualWeightInput = document.getElementById("actualWeight"); // Assuming an actual weight input exists or is added
// Get error message elements
lengthError = document.getElementById("lengthError");
widthError = document.getElementById("widthError");
heightError = document.getElementById("heightError");
divisorError = document.getElementById("divisorError");
// Get result display elements
dimensionWeightResult = document.getElementById("dimensionWeightResult");
actualVolumeSpan = document.getElementById("actualVolume");
volumetricWeightSpan = document.getElementById("volumetricWeight");
chargeableWeightSpan = document.getElementById("chargeableWeight");
resultUnitSpan = document.getElementById("resultUnit");
resultDivisorSpan = document.getElementById("resultDivisor");
// Validate inputs
var length = validateInput(lengthInput, lengthError, "Length");
var width = validateInput(widthInput, widthError, "Width");
var height = validateInput(heightInput, heightError, "Height");
var divisor = validateInput(divisorInput, divisorError, "Divisor");
var selectedUnit = unitSelect.value;
// Fetch actual weight (assume it's available or add input)
// For this example, we'll use a placeholder or add it. Let's assume it exists.
// If not, we'd need to add it to the HTML. Let's add it for clarity.
var actualWeightVal = 0; // Default if no actual weight input
var actualWeightInputElem = document.getElementById("actualWeight");
if (actualWeightInputElem) {
actualWeightVal = validateInput(actualWeightInputElem, null, "Actual Weight");
if (actualWeightVal === null) actualWeightVal = 0; // Treat invalid actual weight as 0 for comparison
}
var actualWeightUnit = "kg/lb"; // Default unit, could be dynamically set if actual weight input is added with unit selection
// If any validation failed, stop calculation
if (length === null || width === null || height === null || divisor === null) {
dimensionWeightResult.textContent = "–";
actualVolumeSpan.textContent = "–";
volumetricWeightSpan.textContent = "–";
chargeableWeightSpan.textContent = "–";
updateChart(0, actualWeightVal || 0); // Update chart with 0 for volumetric if inputs invalid
return;
}
// Calculations
var volume = length * width * height;
var volumetricWeight = volume / divisor;
var chargeableWeight = Math.max(actualWeightVal, volumetricWeight);
// Determine units based on selection
var displayUnit = selectedUnit.toUpperCase();
if (selectedUnit === 'in') {
// Convert volumetric weight to lbs if inches were used and divisor implies lbs
// This is a simplification. Real-world might involve more complex conversions.
// Assuming divisor handles unit conversion implicitly or user inputs are consistent.
// For simplicity, we'll display as is, but note the unit.
volumetricWeight = volumetricWeight; // Keep as is, unit depends on divisor's definition
chargeableWeight = chargeableWeight; // Keep as is
actualWeightUnit = "lb"; // Assume lbs if inches are used for dimensions
} else { // cm
volumetricWeight = volumetricWeight; // Keep as is, unit depends on divisor's definition
chargeableWeight = chargeableWeight; // Keep as is
actualWeightUnit = "kg"; // Assume kgs if cm are used for dimensions
}
// Display results
dimensionWeightResult.textContent = chargeableWeight.toFixed(2) + " " + actualWeightUnit;
actualVolumeSpan.textContent = volume.toFixed(2) + " " + selectedUnit + "³";
volumetricWeightSpan.textContent = volumetricWeight.toFixed(2) + " " + actualWeightUnit;
chargeableWeightSpan.textContent = chargeableWeight.toFixed(2) + " " + actualWeightUnit;
resultUnitSpan.textContent = selectedUnit;
resultDivisorSpan.textContent = divisor;
// Update chart
updateChart(volumetricWeight, actualWeightVal);
}
// Function to copy results
function copyResults() {
var resultsText = "Shipping Weight Estimate:\n";
resultsText += "Chargeable Weight: " + document.getElementById("dimensionWeightResult").textContent + "\n";
resultsText += "Actual Volume: " + document.getElementById("actualVolume").textContent + "\n";
resultsText += "Volumetric Weight: " + document.getElementById("volumetricWeight").textContent + "\n";
resultsText += "— Key Assumptions —\n";
resultsText += "Unit of Measure: " + document.getElementById("resultUnit").textContent + "\n";
resultsText += "Divisor Used: " + document.getElementById("resultDivisor").textContent + "\n";
resultsText += "Actual Weight (Input): " + (document.getElementById("actualWeight") ? document.getElementById("actualWeight").value : "–") + " " + (document.getElementById("actualWeight") ? document.getElementById("actualWeight").getAttribute('data-unit') || "kg/lb" : "–") + "\n";
// Use navigator.clipboard for modern browsers
if (navigator.clipboard && navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
navigator.clipboard.writeText(resultsText).then(function() {
// Optional: Show a confirmation message
var copyButton = document.querySelector('.copy-button');
if (copyButton) {
copyButton.textContent = 'Copied!';
setTimeout(function() {
copyButton.textContent = 'Copy Results';
}, 2000);
}
}).catch(function(err) {
console.error('Could not copy text: ', err);
// Fallback for older browsers or if permission denied
fallbackCopyTextToClipboard(resultsText);
});
} else {
fallbackCopyTextToClipboard(resultsText);
}
}
function fallbackCopyTextToClipboard(text) {
var textArea = document.createElement("textarea");
textArea.value = text;
textArea.style.position="fixed";
textArea.style.top = "0";
textArea.style.left = "0";
textArea.style.width = "2em";
textArea.style.height = "2em";
textArea.style.padding = "0";
textArea.style.border = "none";
textArea.style.outline = "none";
textArea.style.boxShadow = "none";
textArea.style.background = "transparent";
document.body.appendChild(textArea);
textArea.focus();
textArea.select();
try {
var successful = document.execCommand('copy');
var msg = successful ? 'Copied!' : 'Copy failed!';
console.log('Fallback: ' + msg);
var copyButton = document.querySelector('.copy-button');
if (copyButton) {
copyButton.textContent = msg;
setTimeout(function() {
copyButton.textContent = 'Copy Results';
}, 2000);
}
} catch (err) {
console.error('Fallback: Oops, unable to copy', err);
}
document.body.removeChild(textArea);
}
// Function to reset calculator
function resetCalculator() {
document.getElementById("length").value = "30";
document.getElementById("width").value = "20";
document.getElementById("height").value = "15";
document.getElementById("unit").value = "cm";
document.getElementById("divisor").value = "5000";
// If actual weight input exists, reset it too
var actualWeightInputElem = document.getElementById("actualWeight");
if (actualWeightInputElem) {
actualWeightInputElem.value = ""; // Reset to empty or a default like 0
}
// Clear errors
document.getElementById("lengthError").textContent = "";
document.getElementById("widthError").textContent = "";
document.getElementById("heightError").textContent = "";
document.getElementById("divisorError").textContent = "";
// Reset results display
dimensionWeightResult.textContent = "–";
actualVolumeSpan.textContent = "–";
volumetricWeightSpan.textContent = "–";
chargeableWeightSpan.textContent = "–";
resultUnitSpan.textContent = "–";
resultDivisorSpan.textContent = "–";
// Reset chart data
updateChart(0, 0);
}
// Add input listener for real-time updates
function setupRealTimeUpdates() {
var inputs = document.querySelectorAll('.loan-calc-container input[type="number"], .loan-calc-container select');
inputs.forEach(function(input) {
input.addEventListener('input', calculateDimensionWeight);
input.addEventListener('change', calculateDimensionWeight);
});
// Special handling for divisor input to ensure it calculates immediately
document.getElementById('divisor').addEventListener('change', calculateDimensionWeight);
}
// Initialize chart
function initializeChart() {
var canvas = document.getElementById('weightComparisonChart');
if (canvas) {
chartContext = canvas.getContext('2d');
weightComparisonChart = new Chart(chartContext, {
type: 'bar',
data: chartData,
options: {
responsive: true,
maintainAspectRatio: false,
scales: {
y: {
beginAtZero: true,
title: {
display: true,
text: 'Weight (kg / lb)'
}
},
x: {
title: {
display: true,
text: 'Weight Type'
}
}
},
plugins: {
legend: {
display: false // Use custom legend
},
tooltip: {
callbacks: {
label: function(context) {
var label = context.dataset.label || '';
if (label) {
label += ': ';
}
if (context.parsed.y !== null) {
label += context.parsed.y.toFixed(2);
}
return label;
}
}
}
}
}
});
}
}
// Load Chart.js library dynamically if not present
function loadChartLibrary() {
if (typeof Chart === 'undefined') {
var script = document.createElement('script');
script.src = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js';
script.onload = function() {
initializeChart();
// Trigger initial calculation after chart is ready
calculateDimensionWeight();
};
script.onerror = function() {
console.error("Failed to load Chart.js library.");
// Optionally display a message to the user
};
document.head.appendChild(script);
} else {
initializeChart();
// Trigger initial calculation if Chart.js is already loaded
calculateDimensionWeight();
}
}
// Add Actual Weight Input Dynamically (if needed)
// This is a crucial part often missing in simplified examples.
// Let's assume a standard setup where actual weight is inputted.
// For this example, we'll add it to the HTML structure implicitly.
// ** IMPORTANT: In a real implementation, you'd add this to the HTML **
//
//
//
// Enter the physical weight of the package.
//
// And update the JS to reference it.
// For demonstration, we'll add a placeholder input and ensure it's handled.
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
// Ensure the calculator form exists before setting up listeners
var calculatorForm = document.getElementById('calculatorForm');
if (calculatorForm) {
setupRealTimeUpdates();
// Add an actual weight input element if it's missing in the initial HTML structure
// This is for robust handling, ideally it's in the static HTML.
if (!document.getElementById('actualWeight')) {
var actualWeightDiv = document.createElement('div');
actualWeightDiv.className = 'input-group';
actualWeightDiv.innerHTML = `
Enter the physical weight of the package as measured by a scale.
`;
calculatorForm.insertBefore(actualWeightDiv, document.querySelector('.button-group'));
document.getElementById('actualWeight').addEventListener('input', calculateDimensionWeight);
document.getElementById('actualWeight').addEventListener('change', calculateDimensionWeight);
}
}
loadChartLibrary(); // Load Chart.js and initialize chart
// Perform initial calculation on load
calculateDimensionWeight();
});